Wilfred Owen ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ Free Essays

The sonnet ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ is a sonnet which shows us the revulsions of war. It gives us how blameless lives are being squandered on a war. The sonnet enlightens us concerning how the writer feels about war. We will compose a custom article test on Wilfred Owen ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The principal verse enlightens us concerning the state of the warriors. It gives us that the warriors are wiped out, tired and don't know about themselves. It likewise discloses to us that the troopers were in rough shape. They couldn't have cared less about the shells that dropped behind them. In the principal line the officers are contrasted in an analogy with old homeless people. This infers they look decrepit, which isn't the picture of warriors in brilliant glossy regalia, which would be with regards to the heavenly picture of war. The line has a moderate pace with no stable depicted, which is likewise a difference to the picture of war, as individuals at home may anticipate that the warriors should walk along at a lively pace. The subsequent line proceeds with this them as it analyzes the officers to witches, which are extremely similar to bums. It discloses to you that the officers are thump kneeded and hacking, which suggests a low resolve. In the subsequent refrain, the writer has expounded on a gas assault that he has seen. This refrain enlightens us regarding the disarray and frenzy, which emerges when the soldiers’ lives are in impending peril. The pace of this section is significantly snappier so as to exhibit this, and furthermore gives a differentiation to the past refrains as it is written in the current state to cause it to appear to be all the more genuine, though the main stanza is written in the ideal tense, which causes it to appear to be progressively removed. During the gas assault, numerous warriors figured out how to get their gas head protectors on schedule. In any case, one trooper couldn't make it. He was hollering and lurching as the gas overcare him. The writer has seen the deplorable man die in some horrible, nightmarish way. The third verse is short. It communicates the poet’s fears and bad dreams he has in light of the perishing man arriving at his hand out for help. In any case, Wilfred Owen was vulnerable. The artist discloses to us that the perishing man was guttering, stifling and suffocating as the gas cleared its path through his lungs. The fourth verse is revealing to us a tad about what the warriors did to the dead trooper. They flung him in the rear of a cart. His condition was still awful. There was blood coming out from his mouth and his face was hanging in a bad way. The artist at that point tells his ‘friend’ that it isn't on the whole correct to tell sharp and youthful officers anxious for wonder that ‘ It is a decent and honorable thing to kick the bucket for your country’ as it is an untruth. Additionally, the last refrain is a supplication to the peruser to deny their feeling that withering for your nation is sew and fair. Wilfred Owen is stating that if the peruser was there, and saw this man passing on in the rear of the cart then they would not tell the old Lie. Owen, by his realistic portrayal of the man’s passing, is expecting to stun the peruser into accepting they have been deceived by the Old Lie for example it is acceptable to kick the bucket for your nation, and make them contemplate the estimations of war and how they can become legends. Wilfred Owen is making an awful image of how terrible war is. He has done this by utilizing analogies. In the principal refrain, Owen portrays the depletion of the fighters by saying: â€Å"Bent twofold, similar to old hobos under sacks† In this statement we can see that Owen is disclosing to us that the warriors are too worn out to even consider walking appropriately and that they can scarcely hold up. He re-implements his words by saying: â€Å"Men walked sleeping. Many had lost their boots† This is giving us a striking picture of how worn out and sick the fighters are from war. To add to the climate of wretchedness, the ‘haunting flares’ suggest that the scene is occurring around evening time, as flares are not noticeable in the daytime. The way that the flares are ‘haunting’ adds to the hopelessness of the fighters, as it may be the case that they are recalling past awful occurrences including the flares that frequent them. The ‘distant rest’ in line four could imply that the officers are resting for the evening, however they won't have the option to rest in view of the poor conditions. The word’ trudge’ infers that they are strolling with trouble, and hinders the line, which demonstrates the gradualness of the soldiers’ walk. The similar sounding word usage in the fifth line accentuates what Wilfred Owen is stating. It makes the allegory ‘men walked asleep’ appear to be all the more genuine and h olds the line together over the full stop. ‘Men limping blood shod’ underscores their dilemma and that it is so extraordinary to the heavenly fight they had anticipated. The two lines in this refrain make the feeling that the officers are by one way or another in a surprise and don't hear sounds completely. It seems as though they have gotten disengaged inside themselves. Their ailment is additionally underscored when the writer says: â€Å"†¦ hacking like hags†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From these sentences in the principal refrain, we can envision how drained and destroyed the officers more likely than not been because of the war they are compelled to battle. Wilfred Owen is additionally utilizing representations to fortify the lines of his sonnet. In the subsequent refrain, Owen enlightens us concerning a perishing man when he breathed in the gas. â€Å"But somebody was hollering out and faltering Furthermore, wallowing like a man in fire or lime† From this statement, we get an image of how the withering man felt similarly as he had breathed in the smoke. Wilfred Owen has utilized other scholarly methods, for example, Direct discourse, Alliteration and Onomatopoeia. In the subsequent verse, Owen has utilized direct discourse to give the peruser a sensible inclination about what's going on in the sonnet. â€Å"Gas! Gas! Brisk, boys!† The writer has additionally utilized Alliteration. In the third refrain, the writer says: â€Å"Behind the cart we flung him in, What's more, watch the white eyes squirming in his face† Here the writer is informing us regarding the state where the withering man was. The artist has likewise utilized two extraordinary highlights, enjambement and caesura. Wilfred Owen has utilized enjambement all the time from the subsequent verse. This expands the pace of the sonnet which gives the peruser an inside investigate how quick individuals needed to function at war. Then again, Owen has likewise utilized caesura. This hinders the pace of the sonnet and permits the peruser to consider what the artist is stating. In the third refrain, Owen says: â€Å"His hanging face, similar to a fallen angels tired of sin† Here the artist is letting the peruser to know how the perishing man looked like after he breathed in the gas. In the sonnet ‘Dulce et Decorum est’, there are four stanzas with 28 lines. Each refrain has various lines that shift in each stanza. The sonnet doesn't have a distinct rhyme yet generally it goes like a, b, a, b, c, d, c, d, etc yet this example is upset a tad in the later piece of the sonnet. Verse 3 is short as it summarizes the bad dreams Wilfred Owen is experiencing. Since the two lines are in any longer sections, the reader’s eyes get pulled in to those lines. The sonnet ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ was composed by Wilfred Owen during the First World War. In 1914 the First World War broke out on a generally blameless world, a world that despite everything related fighting with great rangers charges and the honorable quest for brave standards. This was the world’s first experience of current automated fighting. As the months and years passed, each bringing expanding butcher and hopelessness, the warriors turned out to be progressively frustrated. A large number of the most grounded challenges the war were made with the help of verse by youngsters astonished by what they saw. One of these artists was Wilfred Owen. World War I, military clash, from 1914 to 1918, that started as a nearby European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914; was changed into a general European battle by Germany’s statement of war against Russia on August 1, 1914; and in the long run turned into a worldwide war including 32 countries. The prompt reason for the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the death on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia (at that point some portion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; presently in Bosnia and Herzegovina), of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, beneficiary hypothetical to the Austrian and Hungarian seats, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb patriot. The central reasons for the contention, in any case, were established profoundly in the European history of the earlier century, especially in the political and financial arrangements that influenced the Continent following 1871, the year that denoted the rise of Germany as an incredible force to be reckoned with. The day to day environments for the warriors were horrible during the First World War. Numerous kicked the bucket because of sicknesses, pandemics and wounds caused through fight. Once in a while, the officers had no ammo to battle with at all and consequently were left powerless. Day to day environments were as terrible. Many had no appropriate asylum, or dress. Wilfred Owen had made these conditions a reality in his sonnet. The striking quality of the sonnet gives us an impression of how awful the conditions must’ve been for the fighters during the war. Additionally he is stating this since he feels the troopers are giving their life in vain. Hence he is worrying on the horrendous conditions the fighter were living and battling in. Wilfred Owen has composed negative record of his affections for war. He has expounded on the sleepiness of the officers when he says: â€Å"Men walked snoozing. Many had lost their boots, In any case, limped on, blood-shod. All went faltering, all visually impaired; Flushed with weariness; intoxicated even to the hoots† In this statement we can see that Wilfred Owen is attempting to disclose to us that the warriors were worn out. This discloses to us that Wilfred Owen is giving us a negative impression of war This sonnet was wr

Clausewitz in the 21st Century

Clausewitz lived in a period where fights were battled in sections and lines, with warriors utilizing black powder rifles and strong fired gun; when states were the elite entertainers in war; when innovative change happened over decades, if not hundreds of years. What importance could his work along these lines have for the key issues of the 21st century? Presentation Clausewitz was not a cookbook author. He was not searching for rigid guidelines for directing war, which he eschews.Indeed, Clausewitzian speculations explained at various timeframes are in close combination with the pervasive political, vital, and military setting, which is totally consonant with Clausewitz’s unique origination of his own work: ‘Theory ought to be study, not convention [†¦] It is a systematic examination prompting a nearby associate with the subject; applied to encounter †for our situation, to military history †it prompts exhaustive commonality with it.The closer it goes to that objective, the more it continues from the target type of a science to an emotional type of an aptitude, the more compelling it will demonstrate in zones where the idea of the case concedes no authority however ability. ’ ‘Theory is intended to teach the brain of things to come leader, or, all the more precisely, to manage him in his self-instruction, not to go with him to the combat zone. ’ If ‘the ridiculous distinction among hypothesis and practice’ is to be finished, at that point the correspondence among hypothesis and practice infers the correspondence between the military administrator and military thinker.Therefore, ‘self-education’ is significant and valuable to the military scholar as well. He should not be limited by a solitary hypothesis of war however with the way to build up his own thoughts (target information on war), fuelled by his ability (abstract limit and application). The marvels of war are more various than any other time in recent memory: from psychological warfare to between state war, from data war to riots in rustic regions, from air strikes to intifada. Free systems of restricted wars have supplanted the desire for an atomic end of the world that portrayed the Cold War.The contrasts and logical inconsistencies between the different ends and relating examinations in regards to a key circumstance are nevertheless an impression of the assortment of military clashes and the decent variety of points of view from which these contentions are watched. These points of view rely upon time, culture, and political setting. This marvel has been broke down through the idea of vital culture, that is ‘a unmistakable and enduring allowance of faith based expectations, qualities and propensities with respect to the danger and utilization of power, which have their foundations in such principal impacts as the topographical setting, history and political culture’.States (e. g. Americans, Eu ropeans, Chinese, Iranians, Indians and so on ) will in general have alternate points of view on vital issues, and the purpose behind these divergences most likely goes past the protection of transient interests. The incredibly heterogeneous circumstance of the marvels of war is broke down from totally different focal points of various vital societies, and subsequently makes states’ hypotheses of war hard to evaluate. Additionally, it is hard to approve the regulations that mirror these various hypotheses by the utilization of instances of operational achievement or failure.Therefore, the requirement for a hypothesis of-speculations of war stays legitimate. An all-encompassing hypothesis of war will consider the impact of the cooperation between the mastermind and his object and can shape the system required to break down the vital discussion. Clausewitz in this way keeps on staying applicable to dissect vital issues of the 21st century as he had built up a hypothesis about t he hypothesis of war. Research ApproachClausewitz perceived that Napoleon had overextended himself and the hypothetical criticalness that a predictable, single military procedure could have diverse chronicled results. In his own acknowledgment †apparent in his note of 1827 †that any hypothesis of war needed to oblige two sorts of war: war to topple the adversary; and war that is the premise of arrangement with him. Four principal contrasts are underlined between the early and later Clausewitz since they stay key to contemporary discussions about his work: (1) The supremacy of military power versus the supremacy of governmental issues. 2) Existential fighting, or rather fighting identified with one’s own character, which connected with Clausewitz most firmly in his initial years, as against the instrumental perspective on war that wins in his later work. (3) The quest for military accomplishment through boundless savagery encapsulating ‘the guideline of destruc tion’, versus the supremacy of restricted war and the constraint of viciousness in war, which lingered progressively enormous in Clausewitz’s later years. (4) The power of protection as the more grounded type of war, versus the guarantee of definitive outcomes that was typified in the seizure of hostile initiative.It isn't the plan or reason for this paper to sum up Clausewitz’s works, given its extension, or to challenge the statements of explicit enemy of Clausewitz scholars, for example, Martin van Crevald, John Keegan or even Alvin and Heidi Toffler. The paper will rather feature the appearing to be unbounded-ness of war (or furnished clash) and brutality in the twenty-first century, and propose a procedure of control of war and savagery. This will relate later Clausewitz’s ideas of war and governmental issues to our present reality. At the start, I will give an examination of Clausewitz’s idea of the idea of war.Additionally, given the explora tion question’s suggestion that Clausewitz ought to be marooned because of his absence of respect for ‘non-state actors’ and that his compositions were in a period of moderate ‘technological change’, I will likewise exhibit that Clausewitz was very much aware of the impact of non-state entertainers and their capacity to take up arms; and his contemplations has proceeded with pertinence presently of fast mechanical changes. The Nature of War For Clausewitz, war was compared to a chameleon, taking into account changes to its appearance, yet proposing that its basic nature remains unchanged.The character of war has absolutely changed or transformed since his time. His faultfinders contend that a few changes can modify war’s very nature, and the idea of war today is profoundly not the same as the idea of war at that point, the time of Napoleon. As it were, the progressions are more principal than can just be accounted by moving attributes. The lat est English interpretation of the content, by Michael Howard and Peter Parat, renders its initial sentence along these lines: ‘War is in excess of a genuine chameleon that somewhat adjusts its qualities to the given case. As an absolute marvel its prevailing propensities consistently make war a wonderful trinity. Unmistakably, a chameleon stays a chameleon whatever shading it embraces until further notice. The urgent two words in the interpretation are ‘more than’, which infer that the conditions of war can make war change more than its attributes: War as it were isn't care for a chameleon. Notwithstanding, this interpretation didn't catch the subtlety of Clausewitz’s unique: ‘Der Krieg ist additionally nicht nu rein wahres Chamaleon, weil er in jedem konkreten Fall seine Natur etwas andert, sondern er ist auch seinem Gesamterscheinungen nach, in Beziehung auf kick the bucket in ihm herrschenden Tendenzen, eine wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit’.The s uggestion here is that war may without a doubt be a chameleon, in that it changes its inclination somewhat in every individual case (its ‘character’), however not its temperament when all is said in done, which is comprised of the ‘trinity’ (tended to later). The interpretation in this way peruses: ‘War isn't just a genuine chameleon, since it changes its inclination somewhat in each solid case, yet it additionally, in it is by and large appearance, according to its intrinsic propensities, a wondrous trinity’. The Primacy of Policy and the ‘Trinity’ War is an instrument of arrangement. ’ It ‘is just a continuation of political intercourse, with the expansion of other means’. Clausewtiz’s saying on the connection among war and approach was currently being excused not on the grounds that war had no utility but since it is being pursued for reasons that are not political or arrangement driven. Pundits conten d that Clausewitz no longer have a spot in the current key and security considers discusses, where war was not, at this point the territory of military yet additionally of non-state actors.The question was whether technique, generally characterized, keeps on being the most ideal perspective on was, revealingly, not, at this point even called war, however outfitted clash. Clausewitz comprehended a network as having its own political and social personality, regardless of whether it needed statehood. Such an understanding is consonant with Clausewitz’s own enthusiasm for wars before 1648, where he explicitly connected the shortcomings of states to ‘exceptional indications in the specialty of war’.In his survey of the historical backdrop of war, he portrayed ‘the semibarbarous Tartars, the republics of days of yore, the medieval rulers and exchanging urban areas of the Middle Ages, eighteenth-century lords and the rulers and people groups of the nineteenth-cent ury’ as ‘all leading war in their own specific manner, utilizing various techniques and seeking after various aims’. In spite of this changeability, Clausewitz focuses on that war is every one of these cases stays a continuation of their arrangement by different methods. In doing as such, in any case, he smothers the contrast between the arrangements of states and the goals of different networks which wage war.Therefore, it bodes well to enhance the power of strategy as a general classification with the alliance of belligerents to a warring network. On the off chance that the networks are states, we can talk about governmental issues in the advanced sense; in the event that they are e

Better Business Bureau Warns Consumers About Advance Fee Loan Scams - OppLoans

Better Business Bureau Warns Consumers About Advance Fee Loan Scams - OppLoans Better Business Bureau Warns Consumers About Advance Fee Loan Scams Better Business Bureau Warns Consumers About Advance Fee Loan ScamsInside Subprime: March 18, 2019By Lindsay FrankelThe Better Business Bureau’s 2018 Risk Report, released March 6, found that advance fee loan scams were again one of the top five riskiest scams this year with regards to their impact on consumers. The BBB measures the overall risk of various scams by using data to assess the frequency of scams (exposure), the percentage of consumers who fell for the scam (susceptibility), and the median monetary loss that occurred as a result of the scam.Consumers experienced greater exposure and susceptibility along with increased monetary loss associated with advance fee loan scams when compared to last year’s data. Those who fell for these scams in 2018 lost a median of $675.Advance fee loan scammers target people with bad credit. While some no credit check loans are legitimate, a lender will never “guarantee” that consumers will receive loans before reviewing their applicat ions. And, according to the Federal Trade Commission, “It is illegal for companies doing business by phone in the U.S. to promise you a loan or credit card and ask you to pay for it before they deliver.”Scam artists often promise low interest rates on these loans, something that wouldn’t be feasible for a legitimate lender. The average payday loan has an APR of almost 400 percent, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.Aside from the red flag of an advertised low interest rate, regardless of credit score, on a “guaranteed” loan, the BBB has some other tips for avoiding advance fee loan scams.Never pay upfront fees before receiving the loan. Legitimate lenders often charge application fees or credit reporting fees, but these fees will be clearly outlined and collected out of the money you receive from the loan. Advance fee loan scam artists, by contrast, will try to get you to pay an upfront fee before you receive any money. Often, these are called “process ing fees” or insurance and are said to lock in the interest rate or secure access to the loan. But after you submit the payment, the scammer disappears, never issuing a loan at all.Never wire money or submit payment to an individual. A legitimate business will never ask you to pay an upfront fee directly to an individual. A real lender will also never pressure you to submit a money order, use a wire transfer service, or pay the company with gift cards, and you’ll have little recourse if you pay a fee using these methods.Research the lender. Some scammers will pretend to be legitimate lenders or institutions. Others use copycat names that sound official. Scam artists will use professional-looking websites, produce forged paperwork, and use caller ID spoofing. To ensure you’re talking to a legitimate lender, hang up and contact the organization directly. You should also check to make sure that the lender is registered in your state by calling your state Attorney General’s Offi ce or contacting your state’s Department of Banking or Financial Regulation.To report an advance fee loan scam, access the BBB Scam Tracker.For more information on  payday loans, scams, and  cash advances  and  check out our  city and state financial guides  including California, Florida,  Illinois, Texas, and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Frankenstein Romanticism Essay - 1610 Words

Romanticism began to make a great influence on art and literature during the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. Frankenstein was first published in 1818 during that period and the novel is flooded with Mary Shelley’s feelings of extreme good and bad emotions. English literature during the romanticism period is believed to be the most expressive in style, subject, and content. The discrepancy and chaos concerning the essential principles and competing philosophies were believed to be fascinating for several famous novelists along with poets that cited the Romantics as being their most eminent motivational voices. Romanticism in literary context means a movement in art and literature that depicts an emotional matter within an imaginative†¦show more content†¦Mary Shelly sets her novel up in an exotic atmosphere with the entire novel taking place in the foreign and scenic country of Switzerland. In the novel, Victor Frankenstein tells us about the scenery of Switzerla nd when Victor said â€Å"The road ran by the side of the lake which became narrower as I approached my native town. I discovered more distinctly the black sides of Jura, and the bright summit of Mont Blanc; I wept like a child: ‘Dear mountains! My own beautiful lake! How do you welcome your wanderer? Your summits are clear; the sky and lake are blue and placid. Is this to prognosticate peace, or to mock at my unhappiness? which shows the romantic side of Victor as he views nature. However, the exotic nature also reveals the misery of the monster whose condition deteriorates along with Victor when the beautiful nature is no longer tranquil to them. This is shown when the monster says â€Å"The labours I endured were no longer to be alleviated by the bright sun or the gentle breezes of spring†. 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What Was The Second Temple Period - 2361 Words

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ECO 100 Final Paper Effects of taxes on the economy

Effects of Taxes on the Economy Donna Ralston ECO 100 Survey of Contemporary Economic Issues Instructor: Frank Huber July 14, 2014 What happens to the economy when the government raises or lowers taxes? Lots of people in America do not understand exactly what happens to the economy when the government raises or lowers taxes. In this paper I am going to address that question as well as a few other things such as: Describing the effect on net personal income when the government raises taxes and when the government lowers taxes. Describing how the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is affected by higher taxes and lower taxes. I will also identify what other economic factors are affected when taxes are raised or†¦show more content†¦To get everything produced by a countrys citizens, no matter where they are in the world, you should look at Gross National Product (GNP), also called Gross National Income (GNI).† (Amadeo,K. n.d) Each month, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, releases an estimate of the level and growth of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), whic h is the output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. Usually, a recession is when a slowdown in economic activity happens and can cause a decrease in jobs, as well as constricted credit for loans, and lethargic or disheartened sales overall. To be precise, a recession is defined as a decrease in the nation’s total economic activity (the GNP) for two or more consecutive quarters. We know when a recession occurs because it affects everyone. 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Critical Evaluation of Environmental Impact in Supply Chains

Question: Describe thee selection of suitable modes of transport and reasons, critical evaluation of how carbon footprint and environmental impact could be reduced. Answer: Introduction In present context, it is very difficult for the business organizations to sustain in the industry without maintaining the economic viability. There are so many polices, rules and regulations made by government for maintaining the economic viability. Business organizations are bound to follow those policies, rules and regulations to sustain in the industry. In present business world, supply chain is an essential part for delivering the goods to the other organizations and customers. Effective supply chain management is required for maintaining the delivery of goods in well manner and to continue the flow of production. But supply chain also creates impact on environment such as mode and way used by organization to supply the products can create negative impact or not (Sarkis 2012). Companies need to focus on maintaining the rules and regulation for ensuring the economic viability and sustaining in the industry. The purpose of applying the environmental supply chain management by the business organization is to look for their facilities (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani 2012). The supply chain of an organization can be considered as the environmental supply chain management when they can ensure that supply chain is friendly to the environment. Working with suppliers on environmental issues does not only generate significant environmental benefits, but also opportunities for cost containment, improved risk management, enhanced quality and brand image. Business organizations must need to address the all environmental issues before developing supply chain management for getting the benefit. The purpose of the current study is to analyze the environmental impact of moving 96,000 drive shafts per month from UK supplier in Oldham to the customers assembly facility near Budapest. The focus is to identify the suitable mode of transport and its environmental impact. Critical analysis has been conducted to identify how the carbon footprint and environmental impact can be reduced. The development of innovative is to be discussed for reducing the environmental impact. Selection of Suitable Modes of Transport and Reasons There are three options for transporting goods of any business from one country to another country. The organization can use the help of transportation mode like road, sea, air and rail. It has been seen that there is ample ferry option in Budapest, but in Oldham there is no such option to transport business good over the ship. Therefore, ferry services will not be suited for transporting 96000 drive shafts per month, from the UK supplier in Oldham to the customer assembly facility near Budapest in Hungry. As the drive shaft has to be transmitted frequently that is per month, it will be better if the suppliers use road or air mode of transportation (Keshavarzian et al. 2012). The suppliers have to consider several things while choosing transportation mode between two countries. It can be suitability of time, flexibility and cost. The suppliers are to transport drive shaft per month; therefore, they need to be very careful about the cost of the transportation. In this context, road transportation will be best for the supplier of UK in Oldham. There are many types of land transportation vehicles available between Oldham and Hungry in Budapest. The best option for the UK suppliers would be the trucks. They can supply many heavy drive shafts at one time by the trucks. On the other hand, road transportation needs very less investment as compared to other mode of transportation like air and railways. The cost of constructing, maintaining and operating the road are very cheap (Chowdhry and Kone 2012). Therefore, the charge for using the road transportation is very low. The suppliers of UK in Oldham have to give less tax to the government for transporting drive shafts frequently to Budapest (Suzuki and Dai 2013). Road transportation will also be very flexible as the time, and routes can be adjusted according to individual requirement without much inconvenience. The intermediate loading and handling can be avoided through road transportation. Ther efore, risk of damaging drive shaft can be minimized. As the drive shafts have to be transmitted quickly, road transportation will be the best option because no time is wasted in booking the good and taking delivery of goods like water and railway transportation. The suppliers can also use various environmental friendly trucks apart from normal trucks for transporting drive shafts (Soon et al. 2013). It will be helpful in minimizing the pollution of the countries from the truck reaching Hungry in Budapest. The suppliers of UK can also use air transportation mode for transporting drive shafts. It will be the fastest shipping method among all types of transportation modes. The arrival and departure time of Cargo flight is very reliable (SteadieSeifi et al. 2014). Even if the suppliers miss any cargo aircraft, it will not be very critical because the cargos depart every hour. Drive shafts have high potential to be damaged and theft. A tight level of security is managed over the cargo by airport security (Bellos, Ferguson and Toktay 2013). Therefore, Cargo aircraft will provide a high level of security over the drive shafts transmitted by the UK suppliers of Oldham. Air shipment needs less heavy packing of the good to be transported. Thus, the UK suppliers can save time and money for providing service in packaging while transporting drive shaft to Hungry in Budapest. Assessment of the Environmental Impact of the Transportation Modes Impact of Road Transportation Air pollution The land transportation will have great effect on the air quality of the environment. Highway vehicles are the sources of the pollution in the form of unwanted green house gas. The emission of green house gas affects the air quality (Chester et al. 2013). Thus, it causes damage of human health. Toxic air pollutants may lead to cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The emission of carbon monoxide may reduce the availability of oxygen (Arkan, Fichtinger and Ries 2014). The emission of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides may cause acid rain when it mixes with the cloud. It reduces agricultural crop yield and even causes decline of forest. Noise pollution Road transportation causes chaotic and irregular sound in the environment, which is traumatizing for hearing organ by it disturbing and unpleasant character. Long-term exposure of sound level, which is above 75 dB, is seriously harmful for the human life and causes different diseases (Giles-Corti et al. 2016). However, utilization of hybrid car in place of transporting the drive shaft may not be so harmful in regards to sound pollution. Water pollution Road transportation may also affect the water quality of the environment. Fuel, chemicals and many others hazardous particles emitted from the road transportation can pollute the water quality of river, lake and ocean. It can have great effect on the life of fishes in the water. It can harmfully affect the breeding system of the fishes of the ocean and lakes (Wathern 2013). The land will also be polluted, as the irrigation system will provide polluted water in the land. Therefore, it will ultimately reduce the fertility of the soil. Environment impact of Air transportation Climate change Burning hydrocarbon in oxygen produces water vapour. The water vapour produced by air craft in the high altitude condense into droplets and mixes with the cloud that causes cold in the atmosphere. The humidity of the atmosphere is also increased by the emission of water vapour in high altitude (Bassam 2013). Cirrus cloud may be formed via increase in formation of contrails. This cirrus clouds have a great affect on the global warming. Thus, it changes the climate of the environment. The potentiality of rain can also be minimized through the particles emitted from the aircraft. Noise pollution Air transportation has a great effect on the sound system of the environment. Especially, the people who live in the airport area are deeply affected by the noise created by the aircraft. When takes off on the runways, it creates an unwanted sound pollution on the environment. The old age people around the airport suffer from several types of sound related diseases from the sound pollution created by the aircraft take off and landing (Salvi, Subramanian and Panwar 2013). It also hampers the learning of the students as the mind of student is diverted while they study with concentration. Critical Evaluation of how Carbon Footprint and Environmental Impact could be Reduced It has already discussed that climate change and environmental issues are major issues for the world. In this case, each and every individual organization should take responsibility for reducing the level of carbon which is occurred by pollution. There is already both domestic and international framework for controlling the carbon foot print. Organizations need to follow those frameworks for mitigating the carbon footprint. Recently, globalization has opened the opportunities for doing the business globally. So, the global supply chain network has increased due to the implementation of new business policies by UK government. Side by side, it has increased the length of transportation. Therefore, environment is also affected by the increasing of transportation system. Considering the green concept, it can help to reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impact. Companies need to play effective role and consider the environmental policies related to the supply chains for increasin g the efficiency (Lin 2013). Most of the multinational organizations have already applied green practices for the supply chain to reduce the carbon footprint and to improve the sustainability. Maximum number of organization has achieved 40% reduction of CO2 emission in last year. Recently, Toyota Motor Europe has implemented the five year environmental action plan. The main objective of that plan is to establish a low-carbon society and the company is focused on developing hybrid technology for cars in the design phase which can help in reducing the energy utilization and also emission in the production stage (Chaabane, Ramudhin and Paquet 2012). It is not only the end, it is also focused on optimizing route planning to limit emissions in logistics. According to the statement of Diabat and Govindan (2011), companies need to set certain goal and objectives to manage the carbon foot print in the supply chains concerning the environmental impact. The goal and objective should be done in such a manner in which carbon footprint management can affect the traditional business goals such as operational efficiency and profitability. The goal of the organization should focus on implementing the green supply chains and establishment of a green image factor. In this case, companies can the merge the corporation social responsibility program with the carbon foot print management to reduce the carbon foot print as well as environmental impact. Companies can take several actions to identify the role of different activities which can take crucial part for reducing the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emission. Companies can consider several activities such as identification of those activities which mostly contribute in the greenhouse gas em ission. Another activity is that identification of the role of all suppliers included in supply chain. If a company considers the carbon footprint management from a product life-cycle perspective, organizations should take into account the emissions of all the stages included in supply chain network from raw material extraction to the recycling of disposal of waste (Tseng and Chiu 2013). The companies need to rank the supply chain activities on the basis of contribution to the carbon foot print. The rank of activities may vary industry to industry such as in case of manufacturing, maximum carbon emissions occur due to use of high energy. On the other side, the critical activities for food industries are the raw material extraction or the farming stage. But generally, in transportation of product generates maximum amount of carbon footprint in the supply chain of an organization. According to the review of Sarkis, Zhu and Lai (2011), transportation of goods accounts almost 14% of the total green house gas emissions and three-quarters of total emissions is generated through road transport. So, in this case, it is important to identify the role of each partner such as third-party providers involved in such chain. It can help to the companies to identify the strength and weakness of them and also to identify new opportunities for improvement. Discussion of Innovative and Current Technology Available for Reducing the Environmental Impact On the basis of information related to supply chain, it has already described that road transport will be better for transferring of drive shafts from Oldham to Hungary. But it has also been described that road transport create more impact on the environment. So, the company needs to take proper action to reduce the impact as much as possible for the sustainability. In this case, technology can play vital role for reducing the environmental impact. The company needs to assess the activities related to road transportation and role of third-party logistics for taking effective action (Gold and Seuring 2011). Nowadays, it is found that maximum organizations are trying to implement the concept of green supply management through using new technologies. The purpose of developing green supply management is to increase the operational efficiency and reduce the hurdles for sustainability. The goods are transferred in road transportation through truck and other goods carrying car. Petrol or di esel is used to drive those vehicles. It can be found that petrol and diesel increase more amount of carbon emission which create more impact on environment. The environment is more affected by vehicles and cars. So, alternatives should be applied instead of oil for driving car which can reduce the environmental impact. In recent years, new vehicles with new technology have been introduced to drive through other energies rather than petrol and diesel. Natural gas or bio gas can be used for driving those of types of vehicles (Azevedo, Carvalho and Machado 2011). The cost of transportation with these cars is also less and it does not create any negative impact on environment. So, the company can use types of cars for transferring the goods from one place to another place. It can reduce the overall costs and the environmental policies can also be fulfilled for sustainability. The demand of solar vehicles has also increased because these cars also reduce the environmental impact and the cost of transportation. So, the company can also use solar energy vehicle for transferring goods from one place to another place. For transferring goods to long distance, the company can transport bulk amount of goods at one time which can reduce the requirement of vehicles and also frequency of transportation. It can reduce the environmental impact and can also reduce the transportation cost for the company. They should avoid the old vehicles and should use vehicles of new technology which can reduce the carbon footprint. It is estimated that transport and distribution systems emit a similar proportion of CO2 emissions from energy as manufacturing operations (Wong, Boon-Itt and Wong 2011). This means that compared to other parts of the supply chain, this is not particularly energy intensive. The drive shafts needs to be transferred for long distance. Goods transport has an extremely high dependency on a single energy source. This means increasing the amount of transferring of goods, CO2 will grow in line. But the aim of the company should be to use fuel efficiently in transportation of goods to keep emissions from road transport as low as possible. Compressed natural gas is cheaper comparing to diesel and petrol. The price of compressed natural gas also fluctuates less than diesel. So, it can use vehicles which run by natural compressed gas can reduce the transportation cost as well as overall cost of the company. On the basis of overall discussion, it is clear that vehicles with new advanced technology will reduce the carbon footprint emission as well as environmental impact. Recommendations The focus of the company should make the logistics system more efficient to deliver real business benefits. The benefits are: reducing of transportation cost as well overall costs, lower green house emissions, better business planning and an improved operational efficiency. The company needs to build a more responsive supply chain and to develop new technologies for creating opportunities to deliver greater value as well as reduce the pollution and environmental impact. The company should ensure that vehicles used by them are in full order to reduce carbon emission. The company can save the costs and reduce the carbon emissions from having fewer trucks on the road and truck loads increased. They should develop and apply the new technology for reducing the carbon emission and also the overall costs. They can use battery-powered vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles for delivering the goods from one place to another place. They can also use the truck which runs on compressed natural ga s rather than diesel. It can produce 11% less CO2, 95% less particulate emissions and 35% less nitrogen oxide. On the other side, the company can consider other modes of transportation such as sea and rail which does not affect the environment like road transportation. They can reduce the times of delivery of goods through road system and can use other modes of transportation occasionally to reduce the carbon footprint emission and environmental impact. So, the company needs to build strong relationship and partnership with the logistics providers, rail company and cargo ship transporters for implementing environmental supply chain management. Conclusion On the basis overall discussion, it is clear that there is strong role of environmental supply chain for maintaining eco-friendly environment. At present, carbon footprint emission and climate change are major issues which are caused by pollution. Road transportation creates more negative impact on the environment because it increases the pollution at very fast rate rather than other transportation system. Each and every company should focus on this part for maintaining the environmental viability otherwise it can create major issues in the future. Companies should give more focus on the social aspect because the basic purpose of an organization is to serve the society not to create harmful situation for them. So, the company should implement green supply chain management for maintaining the environmental viability. Companies can achieve higher profit for short time but they could not be able to sustain in the industry without maintaining the environmental viability. So, companies ne ed to concentrate more on this area for better and healthy society. They should implement the actions for reducing the carbon footprint as much as possible. Reference list Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182. Arkan, E., Fichtinger, J. and Ries, J.M., 2014. Impact of transportation lead-time variability on the economic and environmental performance of inventory systems. International Journal of Production Economics, 157, pp.279-288. Azevedo, S.G., Carvalho, H. and Machado, V.C., 2011. The influence of green practices on supply chain performance: a case study approach.Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review,47(6), pp.850-871. Bassam, N.E., 2013. Energy plant species: their use and impact on environment and development. Routledge. Bellos, I., Ferguson, M. and Toktay, L.B., 2013. To Sell and to Provide? The Economic and Environmental Implications of the Auto Manufacturer's Involvement in the Car Sharing Business. The Economic and Environmental Implications of the Auto Manufacturer's Involvement in the Car Sharing Business (December 27, 2013). 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Discussion of How to Have Sustainable Transportation without Making People Drive Less or Give Up Suburban Living by Mark Delucchi and Kenneth S. Kurani. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, p.07016001. Gold, S. and Seuring, S., 2011. Supply chain and logistics issues of bio-energy production.Journal of Cleaner Production,19(1), pp.32-42. Green Jr, K.W., Zelbst, P.J., Meacham, J. and Bhadauria, V.S., 2012. Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.290-305. Guang Shi, V., Lenny Koh, S.C., Baldwin, J. and Cucchiella, F., 2012. Natural resource based green supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(1), pp.54-67. Keshavarzian, M., Anaraki, S.K., Zamani, M. and Erfanifard, A., 2012. Projections of oil demand in road transportation sector on the basis of vehicle ownership projections, worldwide: 19722020. Economic Modelling, 29(5), pp.1979-1985. Lin, R.J., 2013. 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SteadieSeifi, M., Dellaert, N.P., Nuijten, W., Van Woensel, T. and Raoufi, R., 2014. Multimodal freight transportation planning: A literature review. European journal of operational research, 233(1), pp.1-15. Suzuki, Y. and Dai, J., 2013. Decision Support System of Truck Routing and Refueling: A Dual Objective Approach. Decision Sciences, 44(5), pp.817-842. Tseng, M.L. and Chiu, A.S., 2013. Evaluating firm's green supply chain management in linguistic preferences.Journal of cleaner production,40, pp.22-31. Wathern, P., 2013. Environmental impact assessment: theory and practice. Routledge. Wong, C.Y., Boon-Itt, S. and Wong, C.W., 2011. The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance.Journal of Operations Management,29(6), pp.604-615.